Growing beauty requirements and the need to treat different pigmentation diseases have brought skin lightening and darkening control to the forefront of attention. The mechanics behind skin pigmentation are examined in this research, with a particular emphasis on melanin formation and the variables that affect it, such as hormone, environmental, and genetic factors. It looks at prevalent pigmentation conditions such vitiligo, melasma. Discussion of variety of treatment alternatives, such as chemical peels, laser therapies, topical medications, and new developments in cosmetics formulations.