Nanoparticles (NPs), defined as materials with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm, possess unique physical and chemical properties due to their small size and large surface area. These properties—such as optical characteristics, reactivity, and hardness—are size-dependent, allowing for phenomena like colour variation. NPs can be made from various materials like fullerenes, metals, ceramics, and polymers, each with distinct features. Despite the lack of specific laws for NPs, they share regulatory restrictions with bulk materials. Humans have long been exposed to microscopic particles from natural sources like dust storms and volcanic ash, and the body has evolved protective mechanisms. Due to their exceptional properties, NPs are used in diverse fields, including catalysis, medical imaging, drug delivery, energy, and environmental remediation.