This review examines the landscape of targeted and hormonal anti-cancer drugs, emphasizing their mechanisms of action, associated challenges, and recent advancements in the field. Targeted therapies, which include monoclonal antibodies, Ttyrosine kinase inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, and PARP inhibitors, are designed to specifically disrupt cancer cell growth pathways. These therapies focus on the molecular alterations that drive parthenogenesis, allowing for a more precise attack on cancer cells while sparing normal tissues. On the other hand, hormonal treatments, such as anti-estrogens, aromatic inhibitors, and anti-androgynous, aim to inhibit the growth of hormone-driven cancers by blocking the effects of specific hormones that fuel tumour growth. While both targeted and hormonal therapies have significantly improved treatment outcomes for various cancers, they face numerous challenges. These include the development of drug resistance, which can limit the long-term effectiveness of treatments, as well as adverse side effects that may impact patient quality of life. Additionally, accessibility issues can hinder patient access to these therapies, particularly in under-resourced healthcare settings. Recent advancements in precision medicine and combination therapies hold promise for enhancing the efficacy of these treatments and overcoming resistance mechanisms. By tailoring therapies to individual patient profiles and employing multi-drug approaches, researchers aim to improve overall response rates and survival outcomes. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and limitations of targeted and hormonal therapies is essential for optimizing cancer treatment strategies and ultimately improving patient outcomes.